#Monsoons are expected to hit Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala on June 1

New Delhi: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) today announced that it expects monsoon rainfall to be normal this year. “Southwest monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall over the country as a whole is likely to be normal (96-104%),” the IMD said in its first stage Long Range Forecast (LRF) for monsoons.

Addressing a press conference through video link, Secretary of Ministry of Earth Sciences Dr. M. Rajeevan released the IMD’s Long Range Forecast for the 2020 Southwest Monsoon Season Rainfall. Director General of IMD, Dr. M. Mohapatra was also present.

The IMD also issued the ‘New Normal Dates of Onset/Progress and Withdrawal of Southwest Monsoon Over India’.

DR. Rajeevan said that quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall is likely to be 100% of the Long Period Average (LPA) with a model error of 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1961-2010 is 88 cm.

“Good news is that it is estimated that the deficient rainfall will be 9 per cent. This forecast is based on the statistical model, it suggests that we will have a normal monsoon”, he said.

He said, IMD will issue the updated forecasts in the last week of May/first week of June 2020 as a part of the second stage forecast.

Dr. Rajeevan pointed out that “ Neutral El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions are prevailing over the Pacific Ocean and Neutral Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are prevailing over the Indian Ocean. Some climate model forecasts indicate these conditions are likely to persist during the ensuing monsoon season”. “As sea surface temperature (SST) conditions over the Pacific and Indian Oceans are known to have strong influence on Indian monsoon, IMD is carefully monitoring the evolution of sea surface conditions over the Pacific and the Indian oceans,” he added.

Dr. Rajeevan said that La Nina, or cooler-than-usual sea surface temperatures in the east-central Pacific Ocean, is typically associated with better monsoon rains and colder winters in India while El Nino is associated with below-normal rainfall in the country.

The southwest monsoon season, that replenishes the country’s farm-dependent economy, first hits the southern tip of Kerala usually in the first week of June and retreats from Rajasthan by September.

Monsoons are expected to hit Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram on June 1. In states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Telegana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh, monsoon will be delayed by 3-7 days compared to the existing normal dates.

However, over extreme northwest India, the monsoon arrives now little earlier, on 8th July compared to the existing date of 15th July.

Monsoons are expected to withdraw in south India on October 15.

Given below are details:

Summary of the Forecast for the 2020 Southwest Monsoon Rainfall

Southwest monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall over the country as a whole is likely to be normal (96-104%).

Quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall is likely to be 100% of the Long Period Average (LPA) with a model error of ± 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1961-2010 is 88 cm.

Neutral El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions are prevailing over the Pacific Ocean and Neutral Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are prevailing over the Indian Ocean. Some climate modelforecasts indicatethese conditions are likely to persist during the ensuing monsoon season. However, a few other global climate models indicate possibility of development of weak La Nina conditions over the Pacific Ocean during thesecond half of the season.

As sea surface temperature (SST) conditions over the Pacific and Indian Oceans are known to have strong influence on Indian monsoon, IMD is carefully monitoring the evolution of sea surface conditions over the Pacific and the Indian oceans.

IMD will issue the updated forecasts in the last week of May/ first week of June2020 as a part of the second stage forecast. Along with the updated forecast, separate forecasts for the monthly (July and August) rainfall over the country as a whole and seasonal (June-September) rainfall over the four broad geographical regions of India will also be issued.

1. Background

India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues operational forecast for the southwest monsoon season (June to September) rainfall for the country as a whole in two stages. The first stage forecast is issued in April and the second stage forecast is issued in May/June. These forecasts are prepared using the state-of-the-art Statistical Ensemble Forecasting system (SEFS) that is critically reviewed and improved regularly through in-house research activities. Since 2012, IMD is also using the dynamical global climate forecasting system (CFS) model developed under the Monsoon Mission to generate experimental forecasts. For this purpose, the latest version of the Monsoon Mission CFS (MMCFS) model was implemented in January 2017 at the Office of Climate Research and Services, IMD, Pune.

IMD’s SEFS model for the April forecast uses the following 5 predictors that require data upto March.

S. No Predictor Period

1 The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Gradient between

North Atlantic and North Pacific December + January

2 Equatorial South Indian Ocean SST February

3 East Asia Mean Sea Level Pressure February + March

4 Northwest Europe Land Surface Air Temperature January

5 Equatorial Pacific Warm Water Volume February + March

2. Forecast For the 2020 Southwest monsoon Season (June–September) rainfall over the Country as a whole

2a. Forecast based on the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS)

For generating the forecast for the 2020 southwest Monsoon season rainfall atmospheric and oceanic initial conditions during March 2020 were used. The forecast was computed as the average of 51 ensemble members.

The forecast based on the MMCFS suggests that there is a high probability (70%) for 2020 monsoon rainfall to be above normal to excess (More than 104% of LPA).

2b. Forecast Based on the Operational Statistical Ensemble Forecasting System

a) Quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal rainfall is likely to be 100% of the Long Period Average (LPA) with a model error of ± 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1961-2010 is 88 cm.

(b)The 5 category probability forecasts for the Seasonal (June to September) rainfall over the country as a whole is given below:

Category Rainfall Range(% of LPA) Forecast Probability (%) Climatological Probability (%)

Deficient < 90 9 16

Below Normal 90 – 96 20 17

Normal 96 -104 41 33

Above Normal 104 -110 21 16

Excess > 110 9 17

The statistical model suggests high probability (41%) for 2020 monsoon rainfall to be normal (96-104% of LPA).

3. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Conditions in the equatorial Pacific & Indian Oceans

Currently, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) neutral conditions are prevailing over the Pacific Ocean. The latest forecasts from some global climate models indicate neutral ENSO conditions are likely to persist during the monsoon season. However, few other global climate models including MMCFS indicate possibility of development of weak LaNina conditions over the Pacific Ocean. It may be mentioned that the global climate model predictions prior to and during the spring season generally have noticeable uncertainty due to spring barrier in the seasonal predictability.

At present, neutral Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are prevailing over the Indian Ocean. The latest forecast from the MMCFS and global models together indicate neutral IOD conditions are likely to persist during the season.

New Normal Dates of Onset/Progress and Withdrawal of Southwest Monsoon over India

The present normal monsoon onset and withdrawal dates are based on records of only a few stations (149 stations) during the period 1901-1940.

India Meteorological Department (IMD) has now revised the normal onset and withdrawal dates based on recent data. The normal dates of onset are revised based on data during 1961-2019 and normal dates of withdrawal are revised based on data during 1971-2019.

IMD has designed new objective criteria for defining monsoon onset over the entire country based on daily gridded (1ox1o) rainfall data set. The new objective criteria used for deciding monsoon onset/progress dates are designed so as to closely simulate IMD’s operational onset dates. However, the new withdrawal dates are fixed using the IMD’s operational withdrawal dates during 1971-2019.

Monsoon onset over Kerala remains the same, i.e., 1 June. However, new monsoon advance dates over the states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Telegana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh are delayed by 3-7 days compared to existing normal dates. However, over extreme northwest India, the monsoon arrives now little earlier, on 8th July compared to the existing date of 15th July. There are however appreciable changes in the monsoon withdrawal dates, especially over Northwest and Central India. Monsoon withdraws from NW India almost 7-14 days later from the existing dates. There is no change in the final withdrawal date over south India, i.e., 15th October.

These new dates are relevant for many applications like agriculture, water and power management etc.

The new and older onset and withdrawal dates are shown in Fig 1.

Table -1 shows new and old onset and withdrawal dates of few major cities in India. IMD will start using these new dates from 1 June 2020. IMD will release a very detailed report by 15 May 2020.

Existing & New Dates of Normal Monsoon Onset/progress

Fig.1(a) Map showing the new (black solid) normal dates of monsoon onset/progress over the country based on the new objective rainfall criteria for the base period of 1961-2019 along with existing normal dates (red dotted).

 

 

Existing & New Dates of Normal Monsoon Withdrawal

 

 
   

Fig.1(b) Map showing the new (black solid) normal dates of monsoon withdrawal over the country based on the new objective rainfall criteria for the base period of 1971-2019 along with existing normal dates (red dotted).

 

Table-1: Normal monsoon onset (1961-2019) dates based on new rainfall criteria and withdrawal (1971-2019) dates based on the operational data over a few major cities of the country.

 

Sr. No. Station Name Normal Monsoon

Onset/ Progress Date

Normal Monsoon Withdrawal Date
New

(1961-2019)

Existing

(1901-1940)

New

(1971-2019)

Existing

(1901-1940)

1 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 01-Jun 01-Jun * *
2 Chennai, Tamil Nadu 04-Jun 01-Jun * *
3 Udupi, Karnataka 04-Jun 05-Jun * *
4 Panjim, Goa, 07-Jun 07-Jun 14-Oct 10-Oct
5 Gangawati, Karnataka 06-Jun 05-Jun 15-Oct *
6 Ongole, Andhra Pradesh 08-Jun 04-Jun * *
7 Hyderabad 08-Jun 07-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
8 Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh 13-Jun 05-Jun * *
9 Kolhapur, Maharashtra 09-Jun 09-Jun 11-Oct 01-Oct
10 Satara, Maharashtra 10-Jun 09-Jun 09-Oct 30-Sep
11 Pune, Maharashtra 10-Jun 09-Jun 11-Oct 06-Oct
12 Jagdalpur,Chhattisgarh 13-Jun 09-Jun 13-Oct 15-Oct
13 Vizag, Andhra Pradesh 11-Jun 09-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
14 Mumbai, Maharashtra 11-Jun 10-Jun 08-Oct 29-Sep
15 Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 12-Jun 10-Jun 08-Oct 29-Sep
16 Cuttack, Odisha 12-Jun 11-Jun 12-Oct 13-Oct
17 Puri, Odisha 13-Jun 12-Jun 12-Oct 13-Oct
18 Surat, Gujarat 19-Jun 13-Jun 2-Oct 25-Sep
19 Jalgaon, Maharashtra 18-Jun 13-Jun 6-Oct 27-Sep
20 Nagpur,  Maharshtra 15-Jun 13-Jun 6-Oct 6-Oct
21 Raipur, Chhattisgarh 16-Jun 13-Jun 9-Oct 10-Oct
22 Ahmedabad 21-Jun 14-Jun 30-Sep 22-Sep
23 Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh 20-Jun 14-Jun 3-Oct 25-Sep
24 Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 16-Jun 14-Jun 7-Oct 7-Oct
25 Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 14-Jun 12-Jun 10-Oct 12-Oct
26 Kolkata, West Bengal 11-Jun 10-Jun 12-Oct 14-Oct
27 Aizawl, Mizoram 5-Jun 1-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
28 Bhuj, Gujarat 30-Jun 21-Jun 26-Sep 15-Sep
29 Surendranagar,Gujarat 26-Jun 15-Jun 27-Sep 20-Sep
30 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 22-Jun 15-Jun 30-Sep 20-Sep
31 Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 20-Jun 15-Jun 5-Oct 6-Oct
32 Agartala, Tripura 4-Jun 1-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
33 Shillong 5-Jun 1-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
34 Imphal, Manipur 5-Jun 1-Jun 15-Oct 15-Oct
35 Gaya, Bihar 16-Jun 12-Jun 8-Oct 12-Oct
36 Siliguri, West Bengal 8-Jun 9-Jun 12-Oct 14-Oct
37 Tripura 4-Jun 2-Jun 14-Oct 14-Oct
38 Guwahati, Assam 4-Jun 2-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
39 Dimapur, Nagaland 4-Jun 2-Jun 14-Oct 15-Oct
40 Ajmer, Rajasthan 1-Jul 23-Jun 21-Sep 12-Sep
41 Dholpur, Rajasthan 28-Jun 20-Jun 29-Sep 25-Sep
42 Lucknow 23-Jun 20-Jun 3-Oct 30-Sep
43 Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh 20-Jun 17-Jun 4-Oct 5-Oct
44 Chhapra, Bihar 18-Jun 13-Jun 6-Oct 10-Oct
45 Gangtok, Sikkim, 10-Jun 10-Jun 9-Oct 14-Oct
46 Jalpaiguri, West Bengal 7-Jun 9-Jun 12-Oct 14-Oct
47 Tezpur, Assam 5-Jun 3-Jun 14-Oct 14-Oct
48 Jaisalmar, Rajasthan 8-Jul 15-Jul 17-Sep 1-Sep
49 Jaipur, Rajasthan 1-Jul 23-Jun 22-Sep 12-Sep
50 Agra, Uttar Pradesh 30-Jun 23-Jun 14-Sep 22-Sep
51 Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh 5-Jun 4-Jun 14-Oct 14-Oct
52 Dibrugarh, Assam 4-Jun 3-Jun 14-Oct 14-Oct
53 Bikaner, Rajasthan 5-Jul 13-Jul 17-Sep 1-Sep
54 Churu, Rajasthan 4-Jul 6-Jul 19-Sep 10-Sep
55 Sonepat, Haryana 30-Jun 30-Jun 23-Sep 15-Sep
56 New Delhi 27-Jun 23-Jun 25-Sep 22-Sep
57 Bhiwani, Haryana 3-Jul 6-Jul 21-Sep 12-Sep
58 Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand 20-Jun 21-Jun 28-Sep 27-Sep
59 Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 24-Jun 23-Jun 24-Sep 22-Sep
60 Jalandhar, Punjab 28-Jun 13-Jul 21-Sep 10-Sep
61 Chandigarh 26-Jun 1-Jul 22-Sep 22-Sep
62 Jammu, 28-Jun 13-Jul 21-Sep 20-Sep
63 Srinagar-Kyonon Road, Ladakh 22-Jun 22-Jun 24-Sep 30-Sep
64 Ladakh, Ladakh 23-Jun 26-Jun 23-Sep 29-Sep

*SW Monsoon retreats from the area and Northeast monsoon gets established

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